Insights
Why Early North Korean Leaders Knew the Bible
Many early North Korean elites were surprisingly familiar with biblical language and stories. This was not accidental. Northern Korea had one…
Kim Hyong-jik and the Protestant Nationalist Network
Kim Il Sung’s father, Kim Hyong-jik, lived at a time when Protestant networks often overlapped with nationalist activism. Churches provided meeting…
Kang Pan-sok: Faith, Motherhood, and Memory
Kim Il Sung’s mother, Kang Pan-sok, is frequently described as a devout Christian, particularly in pre-1945 accounts and church histories. She…
A Christian Household? Reassessing Kim Il Sung’s Family Roots
Claims about Kim Il Sung’s family religious background occupy an uneasy space between historical evidence and later reinterpretation. Many sources suggest…
Mission Schools and Revolutionary Minds
Missionary schools were among the most influential institutions in colonial Korea. They offered literacy, science, foreign languages, and modern organizational discipline…
From “Jerusalem of the East” to Revolutionary Capital
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Pyongyang was one of the most Christianized cities in East Asia. Protestant missionaries—especially…
THE KOREAN MESSIAH 