Many early North Korean elites were surprisingly familiar with biblical language and stories. This was not…

Kim Il Sung’s father, Kim Hyong-jik, lived at a time when Protestant networks often overlapped with…

Kim Il Sung’s mother, Kang Pan-sok, is frequently described as a devout Christian, particularly in pre-1945…

Claims about Kim Il Sung’s family religious background occupy an uneasy space between historical evidence and…

Missionary schools were among the most influential institutions in colonial Korea. They offered literacy, science, foreign…

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Pyongyang was one of the most Christianized cities…